LEARNit Dictionary

by

preposition
A1
1
A1
used for showing how or in what way something is done
به وسیله, از طریق, به وسیلهٔ
2
A1
near somebody/something; at the side of somebody/something; next to somebody/something
کنار, پهلوی, نزدیک, درکنار
a house by the river
The telephone is by the window.
Come and sit by me.
3
A1
used, usually after a passive verb, to show who or what does, creates or causes something
توسط, از سوی
He was knocked down by a bus.
a play by Ibsen
Who's that book by?
I was frightened by the noise.
4
A1
not later than the time mentioned; before
تا, پیش از, قبل از
Can you finish the work by five o'clock?
I'll have it done by tomorrow.
By this time next week we'll be in New York.
He ought to have arrived by now/by this time.
By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
5
A2
used before particular nouns without the, to say that something happens as a result of something
به واسطه, از طریق, به دلیل
They met by chance.
I did it by mistake.
The coroner's verdict was ‘death by misadventure’.
6
A2
used to show the degree or amount of something
به مقدار, به میزان
The bullet missed him by two inches.
House prices went up by 10%.
It would be better by far to…
7
A2
during something; in a particular situation
در طول, در هنگام, به هنگام
to travel by day/night
We had to work by candlelight.
8
A2
from what something shows or says; according to something
براساس, طبق
By my watch it is two o'clock.
I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened.
By law, you are a child until you are 18.
9
B1
past somebody/something
از کنار
He walked by me without speaking.
10
B2
used to show the part of somebody/something that somebody touches, holds, etc.
به, توسط
I took him by the hand.
She seized her by the hair.
Pick it up by the handle!
11
B2
used with the to show the period or quantity used for buying, selling or measuring something
(به عنوان واحد) در, برحسب
We rented the car by the day.
They're paid by the hour.
We only sell it by the metre.
12
B2
used to state the rate at which something happens
به میزان, با نرخ, به ازای
They're improving day by day.
We'll do it bit by bit.
It was getting worse by the minute .
The children came in two by two .
13
B2
used to show the measurements of something
به
The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet.
14
B2
used when multiplying or dividing
در
6 multiplied by 2 equals 12.
6 divided by 2 equals 3.
15
used for giving more information about where somebody comes from, what somebody does, etc.
توسط, از طریق
He's German by birth.
They're both doctors by profession.
16
used when swearing to mean ‘in the name of’
به نام, به نامِ
I swear by Almighty God…
adverb
B1
1
B1
past
از کنار
2
used to say that something is saved so that it can be used in the future
برای آینده ذخیره شده, ذخیره کردن برای آینده, کنار گذاشته شده
I've put some money by for college fees.
3
in order to visit somebody for a short time
گذرا, سری
I'll come by this evening and pick up the books.